Jun. 2019, ポスター賞, シロアリから単離した新規Lactococcus属細菌の分類学的検討, 日本微生物資源学会
小山文也;相原千洋;奥秋望夢;坂本光央;雪真弘;大熊盛也;野田悟子
Japan society

Evolutionary mechanisms underlying the diversification of nuclear factor of activated T cells across vertebrates
Maribet Gamboa; Noriko Kitamura; Kento Miura; Satoko Noda & Osamu Kaminuma, The mechanisms of immunity linked to biological evolution are crucial for understanding animal morphogenesis, organogenesis, and biodiversity. The nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) family consists of five members (NFATc1-c4, 5) with different functions in the immune system. However, the evolutionary dynamics of NFATs in vertebrates has not been explored. Herein, we investigated the origin and mechanisms underlying the diversification of NFATs by comparing the gene, transcript and protein sequences, and chromosome information. We defined an ancestral origin of NFATs during the bilaterian development, dated approximately 650 million years ago, where NFAT5 and NFATc1-c4 were derived independently. The conserved parallel evolution of NFATs in multiple species was probably attributed to their innate nature. Conversely, frequent gene duplications and chromosomal rearrangements in the recently evolved taxa have suggested their roles in the adaptive immune evolution. A significant correlation was observed between the chromosome rearrangements with gene duplications and the structural fixation changes in vertebrate NFATs, suggesting their role in NFAT diversification. Remarkably, a conserved gene structure around NFAT genes with vertebrate evolutionary-related breaking points indicated the inheritance of NFATs with their neighboring genes as a unit. The close relationship between NFAT diversification and vertebrate immune evolution was suggested.
Scientific Reports, May 2023, [Reviewed]

〔Major achievements〕Molecular Phylogeny of Spirotrichonymphea (Parabasalia) with Emphasis on Spironympha, Spirotrichonympha, and Three New Genera Pseudospironympha, Nanospironympha, and Brugerollina
Satoko Noda; Osamu Kitade; Daniel E. Jasso-Sellesc; Stephen J. Taerumc; Miki Takayanagi; Renate Radek; Nathan Lo; Moriya Ohkuma; Gillian H. Gile, Lead, Spirotrichonymphea, one of the six classes of phylum Parabasalia, are characterized by bearing many flagella in spiral rows, and they occur exclusively in the guts of termites. Phylogenetic relationships among the 13 described genera are not well understood due to complex morphological evolution and a paucity of molecular data. One such understudied genus is Spironympha. It has been variously considered a valid genus, a subgenus of Spirotrichonympha, or an "immature " life cycle stage of Spirotrichonympha. To clarify this, we sequenced the small subunit rRNA gene sequences of Spironympha and Spirotrichonympha cells isolated from the hindguts of Reticulitermes species and Hodotermopsis sjostedti and confirmed the molecular identity of H. sjostedti symbionts using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Spironympha as currently circumscribed is polyphyletic, with both H. sjostedti symbiont species branching separately from the "true " Spironympha from Reticulitermes. Similarly, the Spirotrichonympha symbiont of H. sjostedti branches separately from the "true " Spirotrichonympha found in Reticulitermes. Our data support Spironympha from Reticulitermes as a valid genus most closely related to Spirotrichonympha, though its monophyly and interspecific relationships are not resolved in our molecular phylogenetic analysis. We propose three new genera to accommodate the H. sjostedti symbionts and two new species of Spirotrichonympha from Reticulitermes., WILEY
Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, May 2023, [Reviewed]

Molecular Phylogenetic Position of Microjoenia (Parabasalia: Spirotrichonymphea) from Reticulitermes and Hodotermopsis Termite Hosts
Gillian H.Gile; Stephen J.Taeruma; Daniel E.Jasso-Sellesa; David Sillam-Dussès; Moriya Ohkuma; Osamu Kitade; Satoko Noda, Last, Microjoenia are obligate symbionts of termites. The genus was erected in 1892 for small cells with many flagella that insert near, but not directly from, the cell apex, and an axostyle that can protrude from the cell posterior. Although ultrastructural studies have been carried out on three Microjoenia species to date, no molecular data have been directly attributed to any species. Microjoenia are classified within the parabasalian class Spirotrichonymphea, which is characterized by flagellar bands that emerge near the cell apex and proceed posteriorly in a right-handed helix. In Microjoenia, however, the flagellar bands are very short and proceed longitudinally or with a weakly observable helix. In this study, we have amplified and sequenced the 18S ribosomal RNA gene from individually isolated Microjoenia cells from Reticulitermes and Hodotermopsis hosts as part of an ongoing effort to understand the phylogeny of Spirotrichonymphea and their coevolution with termites. In our 18S rRNA gene phylogeny, Microjoenia forms the sister lineage to Spirotrichonympha, though many other evolutionary relationships within Spirotrichonymphea remain unresolved. (c) 2021 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved., Elsevier
Protist, Oct. 2021, [Reviewed]

Lactococcus insecticola sp. nov. and Lactococcus hodotermopsidis sp. nov., isolated from the gut of the wood-feeding lower termite Hodotermopsis sjostedti
Noda S; Koyama F; Aihara C; Ikeyama N; Yuki M; Ohkuma M; Sakamoto M, Lead, Two strains of lactic acid bacteria, designated Hs2080-1(T) and Hs30E4-3(T), were isolated from the gut of the damp-wood termite Hodotermopsis sjostedti. These strains were characterized genetically and phenotypically. Strain Hs20130-1(T) was related to Lactococcus piscium DSM 6634(T) showing 96.3 and 84.2 % sequence similarity in 16S rRNA gene and rpoB gene sequences, respectively. Strain Hs30E4-3(T) was related to Lactococcus plantarum DSM 20686(T) showing 94.8 and 82.2 % sequence similarity in 16S rRNA gene and rpoB gene sequences, respectively. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strains Hs20130-1(T) and Hs30E4-3(T) was 95.7 %. Furthermore, genomic comparisons using pairwise average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) analyses between strain Hs20130-1(T) and L. piscium DSM 6634(T) resulted in values of 73.5 and 20.1 %, respectively. Strain Hs30E4-3(T) had 72.8 % ANI similarity and 21.3 % DDH similarity to L. plantarum DSM 20686(T). Strains Hs20130-1(T) and Hs30E4-3(T) had 75.4 % ANI similarity and 21.1 % DDH similarity to each other. The cell-wall peptidoglycan types of strains Hs20B0-1(T) and Hs30E4-3(T) were A4 alpha, Lys-Asp and A3 alpha, Lys-Thr-Ala, respectively. The two strains, Hs20B0-1(T )and Hs30E4-3(T), are distinguishable from each other and other established Lactococcus species phylogenetically and phenotypically. In conclusion, two novel species of the genus Lactococcus are proposed, namely Lactococcus insecticola Hs20130-1(T) (=JCM 33485(T)= DSM 110147(T)) and Lactococcus hodotermopsidis Hs30E4-3(T) (=JCM 33486(T)=DSM 110148(T)), respectively., MICROBIOLOGY SOC
Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., Aug. 2020, [Reviewed]

Lactococcus termiticola sp. nov., isolated from the gut of the wood-feeding higher termite Nasutitermes takasagoensis
S. Noda; M. Sakamoto; C. Aihara; M. Yuki; M. Katsuhara; M. Ohkuma, Lead, A strain of lactic acid bacteria, designated NtB2(T), isolated from the gut of the wood-feeding higher termite Nasutitermes takasagoensis, was characterized genetically and phenotypically. Strain NtB2(T) was related to Lactococcus lactis subsp. tructae JCM 31125(T) isolated from brown trout, showing 93.2 and 81.0 % similarity in 16S rRNA gene and rpoB gene sequences, respectively. Furthermore, genomic comparisons using pairwise average nucleotide identity analysis and the Genome-toGenome Distance Calculator between strain NtB2(T) and L. lactis subsp. tructae JCM 31125(T) gave values of 81.0 and 23.2 %, respectively. Major cellular fatty acids produced by strain NtB2(T) were C-18:1 omega 9c and C-16:0. The cell-wall peptidoglycan type of strain NtB2 T was A3 alpha, Lys-Gly-Ser-Ala(2). Based on the data presented, the isolate represents a novel species of the genus Lactococcus, for which the name Lactococcus termiticola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NtB2(T) (=JCM 32569(T) =DSM 107259(T))., MICROBIOLOGY SOC
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY, Oct. 2018, [Reviewed]

Draft genome sequence of Lactococcus sp. strain NtB2 (JCM 32569), isolated from the gut of the higher termite Nasutitermes takasagoensis
Satoko Noda; Chihiro Aihara; Masahiro Yuki; Moriya Ohkuma, Lactic acid bacteria are widely distributed in the termite gut. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of Lactococcus sp. strain NtB2, which was isolated from the gut of a wood-feeding higher termite., American Society for Microbiology
Genome Announcements, Jun. 2018, [Reviewed]

Host-symbiont cospeciation of termite-gut cellulolytic protists of the genera teranympha and eucomonympha and their treponema endosymbionts
Satoko Noda; Daichi Shimizu; Masahiro Yuki; Osamu Kitade; Moriya Ohkuma, Cellulolytic flagellated protists inhabit the hindgut of termites. They are unique and essential to termites and related wood-feeding cockroaches, enabling host feeding on cellulosic matter. Protists of two genera in the family Teranymphidae (phylum Parabasalia), Eucomonympha and Teranympha, are phylogenetically closely related and harbor intracellular endosymbiotic bacteria from the genus Treponema. In order to obtain a clearer understanding of the evolutionary history of this triplex symbiotic relationship, the molecular phylogenies of the three symbiotic partners, the Teranymphidae protists, their Treponema endosymbionts, and their host termites, were inferred and compared. Strong congruence was observed in the tree topologies of all interacting partners, implying their cospeciating relationships. In contrast, the coevolutionary relationship between the Eucomonympha protists and their endosymbionts was more complex, and evidence of incongruence against cospeciating relationships suggested frequent host switches of the endosymbionts, possibly because multiple Eucomonympha species are present in the same gut community. Similarities in the 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequences of the endosymbionts were higher among Teranympha spp. (>
99.25% and >
97.2%, respectively), whereas those between Teranympha and Eucomonympha were lower (<
97.1% and <
91.9%, respectively). In addition, the endosymbionts of Teranympha spp. formed a phylogenetic clade distinct from those of Eucomonympha spp. Therefore, the endosymbiont species of Teranympha spp., designated here as “Candidatus Treponema teratonymphae”, needs to be classified as a species distinct from the endosymbiont species of Eucomonympha spp., Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology
Microbes and Environments, 2018, [Reviewed]

Acetogenesis from H-2 plus CO2 and nitrogen fixation by an endosymbiotic spirochete of a termite-gut cellulolytic protist
Moriya Ohkuma; Satoko Noda; Satoshi Hattori; Toshiya Iida; Masahiro Yuki; David Starns; Jun-ichi Inoue; Alistair C. Darby; Yuichi Hongoh, Symbiotic associations of cellulolytic eukaryotic protists and diverse bacteria are common in the gut microbial communities of termites. Besides cellulose degradation by the gut protists, reductive acetogenesis from H-2 plus CO2 and nitrogen fixation by gut bacteria play crucial roles in the host termites' nutrition by contributing to the energy demand of termites and supplying nitrogen poor in their diet, respectively. Fractionation of these activities and the identification of key genes from the gut community of the wood-feeding termite Hodotermopsis sjoestedti revealed that substantial activities in the gut-nearly 60% of reductive acetogenesis and almost exclusively for nitrogen fixation-were uniquely attributed to the endosymbiotic bacteria of the cellulolytic protist in the genus Eucomonympha. The rod-shaped endosymbionts were surprisingly identified as a spirochete species in the genus Treponema, which usually exhibits a characteristic spiral morphology. The endosymbionts likely use H-2 produced by the protist for these dual functions. Although H-2 is known to inhibit nitrogen fixation in some bacteria, it seemed to rather stimulate this important mutualistic process. In addition, the single-cell genome analyses revealed the endosymbiont's potentials of the utilization of sugars for its energy requirement, and of the biosynthesis of valuable nutrients such as amino acids from the fixed nitrogen. These metabolic interactions are suitable for the dual functions of the endosymbiont and reconcile its substantial contributions in the gut., NATL ACAD SCIENCES
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Aug. 2015, [Reviewed]

Distribution and evolution of nitrogen fixation genes in the phylum Bacteroidetes.
Jun-ichi Inoue; Kenshiro Oshima; Wataru Suda; Mitsuo Sakamoto; Takao Iino; Satoko Noda; Yuichi Hongoh; Masahira Hattori; Moriya Ohkuma, Diazotrophs had not previously been identified among bacterial species in the phylum Bacteroidetes until the rapid expansion of bacterial genome sequences, which revealed the presence of nitrogen fixation (nif) genes in this phylum. We herein determined the draft genome sequences of Bacteroides graminisolvens JCM 15093(T) and Geofilum rubicundum JCM 15548(T). In addition to these and previously reported 'Candidatus Azobacteroides pseudotrichonymphae' and Paludibacter propionicigenes, an extensive survey of the genome sequences of diverse Bacteroidetes members revealed the presence of a set of nif genes (nifHDKENB) in strains of Dysgonomonas gadei, Dysgonomonas capnocytophagoides, Saccharicrinis fermentans, and Alkaliflexus imshenetskii. These eight species belonged to and were distributed sporadically within the order Bacteroidales. Acetylene reduction activity was detected in the five species examined, strongly suggesting their diazotrophic nature. Phylogenetic analyses showed monophyletic clustering of the six Nif protein sequences in the eight Bacteroidales species, implying that nitrogen fixation is ancestral to Bacteroidales and has been retained in these species, but lost in many other lineages. The identification of nif genes in Bacteroidales facilitates the prediction of the organismal origins of related sequences directly obtained from various environments.
Microbes and environments, 2015, [Reviewed]

Intranuclear verrucomicrobial symbionts and evidence of lateral gene transfer to the host protist in the termite gut
Tomoyuki Sato; Hirokazu Kuwahara; Kazuma Fujita; Satoko Noda; Kumiko Kihara; Akinori Yamada; Moriya Ohkuma; Yuichi Hongoh, In 1944, Harold Kirby described microorganisms living within nuclei of the protists Trichonympha in guts of termites; however, their taxonomic assignment remains to be accomplished. Here, we identified intranuclear symbionts of Trichonympha agilis in the gut of the termite Reticulitermes speratus. We isolated single nuclei of T. agilis, performed whole-genome amplification, and obtained bacterial 16S rRNA genes by PCR. Unexpectedly, however, all of the analyzed clones were from pseudogenes of 16S rRNA with large deletions and numerous sequence variations even within a single-nucleus sample. Authentic 16S rRNA gene sequences were finally recovered by digesting the nuclear DNA; these pseudogenes were present on the host Trichonympha genome. The authentic sequences represented two distinct bacterial species belonging to the phylum Verrucomicrobia, and the pseudogenes have originated from each of the two species. Fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed that both species are specifically localized, and occasionally co-localized, within nuclei of T. agilis. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that they are distorted cocci with characteristic electron-dense and lucent regions, which resemble the intranuclear symbionts illustrated by Kirby. For these symbionts, we propose a novel genus and species, 'Candidatus Nucleococcus trichonymphae' and 'Candidatus Nucleococcus kirbyi'. These formed a termite-specific cluster with database sequences, other members of which were also detected within nuclei of various gut protists, including both parabasalids and oxymonads. We suggest that this group is widely distributed as intranuclear symbionts of diverse protists in termite guts and that they might have affected the evolution of the host genome through lateral gene transfer., NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
ISME JOURNAL, May 2014, [Reviewed]

Symbiotic protist community in the termite Coptotermes formosanus in Japan and comparison of community structure　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
O. Kitade; Y. Hayashi; S. Noda
Jpn. J. Protozool., Dec. 2013, [Reviewed]

Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Parabasalia with Improved Taxon Sampling and New Protein Markers of Actin and Elongation Factor-1 alpha
Satoko Noda; Clea Mantini; Dionigia Meloni; Jun-Ichi Inoue; Osamu Kitade; Eric Viscogliosi; Moriya Ohkuma, Lead, Background: Inferring the evolutionary history of phylogenetically isolated, deep-branching groups of taxa-in particular determining the root-is often extraordinarily difficult because their close relatives are unavailable as suitable outgroups. One of these taxonomic groups is the phylum Parabasalia, which comprises morphologically diverse species of flagellated protists of ecological, medical, and evolutionary significance. Indeed, previous molecular phylogenetic analyses of members of this phylum have yielded conflicting and possibly erroneous inferences. Furthermore, many species of Parabasalia are symbionts in the gut of termites and cockroaches or parasites and therefore formidably difficult to cultivate, rendering available data insufficient. Increasing the numbers of examined taxa and informative characters (e.g., genes) is likely to produce more reliable inferences.
Principal Findings: Actin and elongation factor-1 alpha genes were identified newly from 22 species of termite-gut symbionts through careful manipulations and seven cultured species, which covered major lineages of Parabasalia. Their protein sequences were concatenated and analyzed with sequences of previously and newly identified glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and the small-subunit rRNA gene. This concatenated dataset provided more robust phylogenetic relationships among major groups of Parabasalia and a more plausible new root position than those previously reported.
Conclusions/Significance: We conclude that increasing the number of sampled taxa as well as the addition of new sequences greatly improves the accuracy and robustness of the phylogenetic inference. A morphologically simple cell is likely the ancient form in Parabasalia as opposed to a cell with elaborate flagellar and cytoskeletal structures, which was defined as most basal in previous inferences. Nevertheless, the evolution of Parabasalia is complex owing to several independent multiplication and simplification events in these structures. Therefore, systematics based solely on morphology does not reflect the evolutionary history of parabasalids., PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE
PLOS ONE, Jan. 2012, [Reviewed]

Isolation and characterization of anaerobic bacteria for symbiotic recycling of uric acid nitrogen in the gut of various termites
Arunee Thong-On; Katsuyuki Suzuki; Satoko Noda; Jun-Ichi Inoue; Susumu Kajiwara; Moriya Ohkuma, Recycling of the nitrogenous waste uric acid (UA) of wood-feeding termites by their gut bacteria is one of the significant aspects of symbiosis for the conservation of nitrogen sources. Diverse anaerobic UA-degrading bacteria comprising 16 species were isolated from the gut of eight termite species, and were assigned to Clostridia, Enterobacteriaceae, and low G+C Gram-positive cocci. UA-degrading Clostridia had never been isolated from termite guts. UA-degrading ability was sporadically distributed among phylogenetically various culturable anaerobic bacteria from termite guts. A strain of Clostridium sp., which was commonly isolated from three termite species and represented a probable new species in cluster XIVa of clostridia, utilized UA as a nitrogen source but not as a sole carbon and energy source. This feature is in clear contrast to that of well-studied purinolytic clostridia or previously isolated UA degraders from termite guts, which also utilize UA as a sole carbon and energy source. Ammonia is the major nitrogenous product of UA degradation. Various purines stimulated the growth of this strain when added to an otherwise growth-limiting, nitrogen poor medium. The bacterial species involved the recycling of UA nitrogen in the gut microbial community of termites are more diverse in terms of both taxonomy and nutritional physiology than previously recognized.
Microbes and Environments, 2012, [Reviewed]

Molecular identification and phylogenetic relationships of trichomonad isolates of galliform birds inferred from nuclear small subunit rRNA gene sequences
Clea Mantini; Jocelyne Dalia-Cornette; Satoko Noda; Harold M. J. F. Van Der Heijden; Monique Capron; Eduardo Dei-Cas; Wil J. M. Landman; Moriya Ohkuma; Eric Viscogliosi, Histomonas meleagridis is the etiological agent of histomonosis or blackhead disease. Recently, genotyping, based on polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of internal transcribed spacer-1 sequences was applied to various isolates originating from fowl. Three genotypes were described: types I and II isolates were associated with clinical disease and probably derived from H. meleagridis, whereas, type III isolates were not disease-associated and likely corresponded to Parahistomonas wenrichi according to morphological observations. However, this latter species has never been characterized at the molecular level and its phylogenetic relationships with other parabasalids remained hypothetical. To confirm the identification of these isolates, small subunit rRNA gene sequences were obtained from representatives of types I, II, and III and analyzed in a broad phylogeny including 64 other parabasalid sequences. From our phylogenetic trees, we confirmed that types I and II isolates were closely related, if not identical, to H. meleagridis, while type III isolates represented P. wenrichi. Both species clustered together with high support. This grouping suggested that speciation leading to these two species inhabiting the same hosts and ecological niche occurred recently in birds. In addition, speciation was likely followed by loss of pathogenicity in P. wenrichi., SPRINGER
PARASITOLOGY RESEARCH, Dec. 2009, [Reviewed]

Molecular phylogeny of parabasalids with emphasis on the order Cristamonadida and its complex morphological evolution
Satoko Noda; Clea Mantini; Christian Bordereau; Osamu Kitade; Michael F. Dolan; Eric Viscogliosi; Moriya Ohkuma, Lead, Parabasalia represents a complex assemblage of species, which recently received extensive reorganization. The newly created order Cristamonadida unites complex hypermastigids belonging to the Lophomonadida like the joeniids, the multinucleate polymonad Calonymphidae, and well-developed trichomonads in the Devescovinidae. All these protists exclusively occur in the guts of termites and related insects. In this study, small subunit rRNA and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes were identified without cultivation from 14 species in Cristamonadida including previously unstudied genera such as Joenina, Joenia, Joenoides, Macrotrichomonas, Gigantomonas, and Foaina. Despite the great morphological diversity of Cristamonadida, our phylogenetic analyses supported the monophyly of this order. However, almost all the families and subfamilies composing this order are polyphyletic suggesting a complicated morphological evolution. Our analyses also showed that Cristamonadida descends from one lineage of rudimentary trichomonads and that joeniids was basal in this order. Several successive and independent morphological transitions such as the development and reduction of flagellar apparatus and associated cytoskeleton and transition to multinucleated status have likely led to the diversity and complexity of cristamonad lineages. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved., ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION, Jul. 2009, [Reviewed]

Complex coevolutionary history of symbiotic Bacteroidales bacteria of various protists in the gut of termites
Satoko Noda; Yuichi Hongoh; Tomoyuki Sato; Moriya Ohkuma, Lead, Background: The microbial community in the gut of termites is responsible for the efficient decomposition of recalcitrant lignocellulose. Prominent features of this community are its complexity and the associations of prokaryotes with the cells of cellulolytic flagellated protists. Bacteria in the order Bacteroidales are involved in associations with a wide variety of gut protist species as either intracellular endosymbionts or surface-attached ectosymbionts. In particular, ectosymbionts exhibit distinct morphological patterns of the associations. Therefore, these Bacteroidales symbionts provide an opportunity to investigate not only the coevolutionary relationships with the host protists and their morphological evolution but also how symbiotic associations between prokaryotes and eukaryotes occur and evolve within a complex symbiotic community.
Results: Molecular phylogeny of 31 taxa of Bacteroidales symbionts from 17 protist genera in 10 families was examined based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Their localization, morphology, and specificity were also examined by fluorescent in situ hybridizations. Although a monophyletic grouping of the ectosymbionts occurred in three related protist families, the symbionts of different protist genera were usually dispersed among several phylogenetic clusters unique to termite-gut bacteria. Similar morphologies of the associations occurred in multiple lineages of the symbionts. Nevertheless, the symbionts of congeneric protist species were closely related to one another, and in most cases, each host species harbored a unique Bacteroidales species. The endosymbionts were distantly related to the ectosymbionts examined so far.
Conclusion: The coevolutionary history of gut protists and their associated Bacteroidales symbionts is complex. We suggest multiple independent acquisitions of the Bacteroidales symbionts by different protist genera from a pool of diverse bacteria in the gut community. In this sense, the gut could serve as a reservoir of diverse bacteria for associations with the protist cells. The similar morphologies are considered a result of evolutionary convergence. Despite the complicated evolutionary history, the host-symbiont relationships are mutually specific, suggesting their cospeciations at the protist genus level with only occasional replacements., BIOMED CENTRAL LTD
BMC EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Jul. 2009, [Reviewed]

Candidatus Desulfovibrio trichonymphae, a novel intracellular symbiont of the flagellate Trichonympha agilis in termite gut
Tomoyuki Sato; Yuichi Hongoh; Satoko Noda; Satoshi Hattori; Sadaharu Ui; Moriya Ohkuma, Rs-N31, a 16S rRNA phylotype affiliated with the genus Desulfovibrio, has frequently been detected from the gut of the wood-feeding termite Reticulitermes speratus. In this study, we designed a probe specifically targeting phylotype Rs-N31 and performed fluorescence in situ hybridization to identify the corresponding cells. The signals were detected exclusively inside the cells of the flagellate Trichonympha agilis, which simultaneously harbours another intracellular bacterium belonging to the candidate phylum Termite Group 1 (TG1). The detected cells were coccoid or short rods and specifically localized in the cortical layer of mainly, the anterior part of the flagellate cell. Approximately 1800 cells were contained in a single host cell, accounting for, in total, 2% of the whole prokaryotic gut microbiota. The genes dsrAB and apsA for sulfate reduction and a gene-encoding H(2)-uptake hydrogenase, both possessing a high sequence identity with those of known desulfovibrios, were obtained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from the host cells isolated using a micromanipulator, and their expression was verified by reverse-transcription PCR. Thus, we suggest that this endosymbiont acts as a sink for the hydrogen generated by both the flagellates and possibly TG1 symbionts. For this uncultured bacterium, we propose a novel species, 'Candidatus Desulfovibrio trichonymphae'., WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC
ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Apr. 2009, [Reviewed]

Inheritance and diversification of symbiotic trichonymphid flagellates from a common ancestor of termites and the cockroach Cryptocercus
Moriya Ohkuma; Satoko Noda; Yuichi Hongoh; Christine A. Nalepa; Tetsushi Inoue, Cryptocercus cockroaches and lower termites harbour obligate, diverse and unique symbiotic cellulolytic flagellates in their hindgut that are considered critical in the development of social behaviour in their hosts. However, there has been controversy concerning the origin of these symbiotic flagellates. Here, molecular sequences encoding small subunit rRNA and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were identified in the symbiotic flagellates of the order Trichonymphida (phylum Parabasalia) in the gut of Cryptocercus punctulatus and compared phylogenetically to the corresponding species in termites. In each of the monophyletic lineages that represent family-level groups in Trichonymphida, the symbionts of Cryptocercus were robustly sister to those of termites. Together with the recent evidence for the sister-group relationship of the host insects, this first comprehensive study comparing symbiont molecular phylogeny strongly suggests that a set of symbiotic flagellates representative of extant diversity was already established in an ancestor common to Cryptocercus and termites, was vertically transmitted to their offspring, and subsequently became diversified to distinct levels, depending on both the host and the symbiont lineages., ROYAL SOC
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, Jan. 2009, [Reviewed]

Genome of an Endosymbiont Coupling N(2) Fixation to Cellulolysis Within Protist Cells in Termite Gut
Yuichi Hongoh; Vineet K. Sharma; Tulika Prakash; Satoko Noda; Hidehiro Toh; Todd D. Taylor; Toshiaki Kudo; Yoshiyuki Sakaki; Atsushi Toyoda; Masahira Hattori; Moriya Ohkuma, Termites harbor diverse symbiotic gut microorganisms, the majority of which are as yet uncultivable and their interrelationships unclear. Here, we present the complete genome sequence of the uncultured Bacteroidales endosymbiont of the cellulolytic protist Pseudotrichonympha grassii, which accounts for 70% of the bacterial cells in the gut of the termite Coptotermes formosanus. Functional annotation of the chromosome ( 1,114,206 base pairs) unveiled its ability to fix dinitrogen and recycle putative host nitrogen wastes for biosynthesis of diverse amino acids and cofactors, and import glucose and xylose as energy and carbon sources. Thus, nitrogen fixation and cellulolysis are coupled within the protist's cells. This highly evolved symbiotic system probably underlies the ability of the worldwide pest termites Coptotermes to use wood as their sole food., AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE
SCIENCE, Nov. 2008, [Reviewed]

Complete genome of the uncultured Termite Group 1 bacteria in a single host protist cell
Yuichi Hongoh; Vineet K. Sharma; Tulika Prakash; Satoko Noda; Todd D. Taylor; Toshiaki Kudo; Yoshiyuki Sakaki; Atsushi Toyoda; Masahira Hattori; Moriya Ohkuma, Termites harbor a symbiotic gut microbial community that is responsible for their ability to thrive on recalcitrant plant matter. The community comprises diverse microorganisms, most of which are as yet uncultivable; the detailed symbiotic mechanism remains unclear. Here, we present the first complete genome sequence of a termite gut symbiont-an uncultured bacterium named Rs-D17 belonging to the candidate phylum Termite Group 1 (TG1). TG1 is a dominant group in termite guts, found as intracellular symbionts of various cellulolytic protists, without any physiological information. To acquire the complete genome sequence, we collected Rs-D17 cells from only a single host protist cell to minimize their genomic variation and performed isothermal whole-genome amplification. This strategy enabled us to reconstruct a circular chromosome (1,125,857 bp) encoding 761 putative protein-coding genes. The genome additionally contains 121 pseudogenes assigned to categories, such as cell wall biosynthesis, regulators, transporters, and defense mechanisms. Despite its apparent reductive evolution, the ability to synthesize 15 amino acids and various cofactors is retained, some of these genes having been duplicated. Considering that diverse termite-gut protists harbor TG1 bacteria, we suggest that this bacterial group plays a key role in the gut symbiotic system by stably supplying essential nitrogenous compounds deficient in lignocelluloses to their host protists and the termites. Our results provide a breakthrough to clarify the functions of and the interactions among the individual members of this multilayered symbiotic complex., NATL ACAD SCIENCES
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Apr. 2008, [Reviewed]

Identification of endosymbiotic methanogen and ectosymbiotic spirochetes of gut protists of the termite Coptotermes formosanus
Jun-Ichi Inoue; Satoko Noda; Yuichi Hongoh; Sadaharu Ui; Moriya Ohkuma, Prokaryotic associations with gut protists of the termite Coptotermes formosanus were investigated based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. An endosymbiotic methanogen of Spirotrichonympha leidyi phylogenetically grouped with endosymbionts of other gut protists in the genus Methanobrevibacter, seemed to be unrelated to the host protist phylogeny. Three different lineages of ectosymbiotic spirochetes in the genus Treponema were identified in single cells of Holomastigotoides mirabile, indicating their simultaneous occurrence. Although these symbionts represented mere minor populations in the gut, their phylogenetic assignments suggest a common symbiotic relationship involving H-2 metabolism., JAPANESE SOC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY, DEPT BIORESOURCE SCIENCE
MICROBES AND ENVIRONMENTS, 2008, [Reviewed]

The motility symbiont of the termite gut flagellate Caduceia versatilis is a member of the "Synergistes" group
Yuichi Hongoh; Tomoyuki Sato; Michael F. Dolan; Satoko Noda; Sadaharu Ui; Toshiaki Kudo; Moriya Ohkuma, The flagellate Caduceia versatilis in the gut of the termite Cryptotermes cavifrons reportedly propels itself not by its own flagella but solely by the flagella of ectosymbiotic bacteria. Previous microscopic observations have revealed that the motility symbionts are flagellated rods partially embedded in the host cell surface and that, together with a fusiform type of ectosymbiotic bacteria without flagella, they cover almost the entire surface. To identify these ectosymbionts, we conducted 16S rRNA clone analyses of bacteria physically associated with the Caduceia cells. Two phylotypes were found to predominate in the clone library and were phylogenetically affiliated with the "Synergistes" phylum and the order Bacteroidales in the Bacteroidetes phylum. Probes specifically targeting 16S rRNAs of the respective phylotypes were designed, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed. As a result, the "Synergistes" phylotype was identified as the motility symbiont; the Bacteroidales phylotype was the fusiform ectobiont. The "Synergistes" phylotype was a member of a cluster comprising exclusively uncultured clones from the guts of various termite species. Interestingly, four other phylotypes in this cluster, including the one sharing 95% sequence identity with the motility symbiont, were identified as nonectosymbiotic, or free-living, gut bacteria by FISH. We thus suggest that the motility ectosymbiont has evolved from a free-living gut bacterium within this termite-specific cluster. Based on these molecular and previous morphological data, we here propose a novel genus and species, "Candidatus Tammella caduceiae," for this unique motility ectosymbiont of Caducaia versatilis., AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Oct. 2007, [Reviewed]

Evolutionary trend of phylogenetic diversity of nitrogen fixation genes in the gut community of wood-feeding termites
A. Yamada; T. Inoue; S. Noda; Y. Hongoh; M. Ohkuma, Nitrogen fixation by gut microorganisms is one of the crucial aspects of symbiosis in wood-feeding termites since these termites thrive on a nitrogen-poor diet. In order to understand the evolution of this symbiosis, we analysed the nitrogenase structural gene nifH in the gut microbial communities. In conjunction with the published sequences, we compared approximately 320 putatively functional NifH protein sequences obtained from a total of 19 termite samples that represent all the major branches of their currently proposed phylogeny, and from one species of the cockroach Cryptocercus that shares a common ancestor with termites. Using multivariate techniques for clustering and ordination, a phylogeny of NifH protein sequences was created and plotted variously with host termite families, genera, and species. Close concordance was observed between NifH communities and the host termites at genus level, but family level relationships were not always congruent with accepted termite clade structure. Host groups examined included basal families (Mastotermitidae, Termopsidae, Kalotermitidae, as well as Cryptocercus), the most derived lower termite family Rhinotermitidae, and subfamilies representing the advanced and highly diverse apical family Termitidae (Macrotermitinae, Termitinae, and Nasutitermitinae). This selection encompassed the major nesting and feeding styles recognized in termites, and it was evident that NifH phylogenetic divergence, as well as the occurrence of alternative nitrogenase-type NifH, was to some extent dependent on host lifestyle as well as phylogenetic position., BLACKWELL PUBLISHING
MOLECULAR ECOLOGY, Sep. 2007, [Reviewed]

‘Candidatus Symbiothrix dinenymphae’, bristle-like Bacteroidales ectosymbionts of termite gut protists　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Y. Hongoh; T. Sato; S. Noda; S. Ui
Environ. Microbiol, Sep. 2007, [Reviewed]

The candidate phylum 'Termite Group 1' of bacteria: phylogenetic diversity, distribution, and endosymbiont members of various gut flagellated protists
Moriya Ohkuma; Tomoyuki Sato; Satoko Noda; Sadaharu Ui; Toshiaki Kudo; Yuichi Hongoh, The candidate phylum 'Termite Group 1' (TG1) of bacteria, which is abundant in termite guts but has no culturable representative, was investigated with respect to the in situ localization, distribution, and diversity. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses and FISH in termite guts, a number of lineages of TG1 members were identified as endosymbionts of a variety of gut flagellated protists from the orders Trichonymphida, Cristamonadida, and Oxymonadida that are mostly unique to termites. However, the survey in various environments using specific PCR primers revealed that TG1 members were also present in termites, a cockroach, and the bovine rumen that typically lack these protist orders. Most of the TG1 members from gut flagellates, termites, cockroaches, and the rumen formed a monophyletic subcluster that showed a shallow branching pattern in the phylogenetic tree, suggesting their recent diversification. Although endosymbionts of the same protist genera tended to be closely related, the endosymbiont lineages were often independent of the higher level classifications of their host protist and were dispersed in the phylogenetic tree. It appears that their cospeciation is not the sole rule for the diversification of TG1 members of endosymbionts., BLACKWELL PUBLISHING
FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY, Jun. 2007, [Reviewed]

Phylogenetic diversity and distribution of the candidate phylum ‘Termite Group 1’ of bacteria and identification of its endosymbiont members of various flagellated protists in termite guts　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
M. Ohkuma; T. Sato; S. Noda; S. Ui
FEMS Microbiol. Ecology., Jun. 2007, [Reviewed]

Cospeciation in the triplex symbiosis of termite gut protists (Pseudotrichonympha spp.), their hosts, and their bacterial endosymbionts
S. Noda; O. Kitade; T. Inoue; M. Kawai; M. Kanuka; K. Hiroshima; Y. Hongoh; R. Constantino; V. Uys; J. Zhong; T. Kudo; M. Ohkuma, A number of cophylogenetic relationships between two organisms namely a host and a symbiont or parasite have been studied to date; however, organismal interactions in nature usually involve multiple members. Here, we investigated the cospeciation of a triplex symbiotic system comprising a hierarchy of three organisms - termites of the family Rhinotermitidae, cellulolytic protists of the genus Pseudotrichonympha in the guts of these termites, and intracellular bacterial symbionts of the protists. The molecular phylogeny was inferred based on two mitochondrial genes for the termites and nuclear small-subunit rRNA genes for the protists and their endosymbionts, and these were compared. Although intestinal microorganisms are generally considered to have looser associations with the host than intracellular symbionts, the Pseudotrichonympha protists showed almost complete codivergence with the host termites, probably due to strict transmissions by proctodeal trophallaxis or coprophagy based on the social behaviour of the termites. Except for one case, the endosymbiotic bacteria of the protists formed a monophyletic lineage in the order Bacteroidales, and the branching pattern was almost identical to those of the protists and the termites. However, some non-codivergent evolutionary events were evident. The members of this triplex symbiotic system appear to have cospeciated during their evolution with minor exceptions; the evolutionary relationships were probably established by termite sociality and the complex microbial community in the gut., BLACKWELL PUBLISHING
MOLECULAR ECOLOGY, Mar. 2007, [Reviewed]

In situ hybridization of termite microbes
Shigeharu Moriya; Satoko Noda; Moriya Ohkuma; Toshiaki Kudo, In situ hybridization is one of the most direct and reliable ways to ascertain the origin of the gene from complex mixed cellular systems. This method is essential for studying communities of uncultured microorganism in their natural ecosystem. In this chapter, we introduce our protocols for the in situ hybridization of the messenger RNA of uncultured symbiotic protists of termite hindgut and the ribosomal RNA of the symbiotic bacteria of the protists using nonradioactive labeling protocols. We hope that you will find these protocols useful in your own work to unravel the complex functions and to discover new organisms in the ecosystem. © Humana Press Inc.
Methods in Molecular Biology, Jan. 2007

Molecular phylogenetic position of the genera Stephanonympha and Caduceia (Parabasalia) inferred from nuclear small subunit rRNA gene sequences
Christophe Noel; Satoko Noda; Clea Mantini; Michael F. Dolan; Shigeharu Moriya; Pilar Delgado-Viscogliosi; Toshiaki Kudo; Monique Capron; Raymond J. Pierce; Moriya Ohkuma; Eric Viscogliosi, Nuclear small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene sequences were obtained by polymerase chain reaction from trichomonad symbionts of termites that belong to the Devescovinidae (Caduceia versatilis) and polymastigont Calonymphidae (Stephanonympha nelumbium). The unidentified SSU rRNA sequence Nk3, previously obtained from the termite Neotermes koshunensis, has also been shown to derive from a Stephanonympha sp. by in situ hybridization. These sequences were analysed in a broad phylogeny including nearly all identified parabasalid sequences available in the databases, and some as yet unidentified sequences likely deriving from the new order Cristamonadida (Devescovinidae, Calonymphidae, and hypermastigids Lophomonadida). A global phylogeny of parabasalids reveals a partial agreement between the clades identified in this work and the last classification of this phylum into four orders. However, this classification is still incongruent with our data and new taxonomic considerations are proposed. The analysis confirms the monophyly of the Cristamonadida and separates this order into two groups: the first unites nearly all the Devescovinidae including Caduceia and the Calonymphidae Coronympha and Metacoronympha, whereas the second group is composed of a few Devescovinidae, Lophomonadida, and Calonymphidae such as Stephanonympha. Caduceia is closely related to Devescovina, corroborating the marked morphological similarity between these two genera whereas Stephanonympha groups together with the Calonymphidae Snyderella and Calonympha. These data also confirm the polyphyly of the families Devescovinidae and Calonymphidae and support the arrangement of the axostyle-pelta complexes as a valuable character for taxonomic considerations within the Calonymphidae., BLACKWELL PUBLISHING
JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY, Jan. 2007, [Reviewed]

Phylogenetic diversity, localization, and cell morphologies of members of the candidate phylum TG3 and a subphylum in the phylum Fibrobacteres, recently discovered bacterial groups dominant in termite guts
Yuichi Hongoh; Pinsurang Deevong; Satoshi Hattori; Tetsushi Inoue; Satoko Noda; Napavarn Noparatnaraporn; Toshiaki Kudo; Moriya Ohkuma, Recently we discovered two novel, deeply branching lineages in the domain Bacteria from termite guts by PCR-based analyses of 16S rRNA (Y. Hongoh, P. Deevong, T. Inoue, S. Moriya, S. Trakulnaleamsai, M. Ohkuma, C. Vongkaluang, N. Noparatnaraporn, and T. Kudo, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:6590-6599, 2005). Here, we report on the specific detection of these bacteria, the candidate phylum TG3 (Termite Group 3) and a subphylum in the phylum Fibrobacteres, by fluorescence in situ hybridization in the guts of the wood-feeding termites Microcerotermes sp. and Nasutitermes takasagoensis. Both bacterial groups were detected almost exclusively from the luminal fluid of the dilated portion in the hindgut. Each accounted for approximately 10% of the total prokaryotic cells, constituting the second-most dominant groups in the whole-gut microbiota. The detected cells of both groups were in undulate or vibroid forms and apparently resembled small spirochetes. The cell sizes were 0.2 to 0.4 by 1.3 to 6.0 mu m and 0.2 to 0.3 by 1.3 to 4.9 mu m in the TG3 and Fibrobacteres, respectively. Using PCR screenings with specific primers, we found that both groups are distributed among various termites. The obtained clones formed monophyletic clusters that were delineated by the host genus rather than by the geographic distance, implying a robust association between these bacteria and host termites. TG3 clones were also obtained from a cockroach gut, lake sediment, rice paddy soil, and deep-sea sediments. Our results suggest that the TG3 and Fibrobacteres bacteria are autochthonous gut symbionts of various termites and that the TG3 members are also widely distributed among various other environments., AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Oct. 2006, [Reviewed]

Phylogenetic and morphological diversity of Bacteroidales members associated with the gut wall of termites
H Nakajima; Y Hongoh; S Noda; Y Yoshida; R Usami; T Kudo; M Ohkuma, The microbial community adherent directly or indirectly to the gut wall of termites is distinct from that of the other habitats in the gut. The bacterial 16S rRNA genes were identified from the fractionated gut walls of two termite species, Hodotermopsis sjoestedti and Neotermes koshunensis, and compared with those previously identified from Reticulitermes speratus. Surprisingly, the bacterial constituents were almost entirely different among the termites at the phylotype level (the criterion of the phylotype was > 97% nucleotide identity). Bacteria in the order Bacteroidales, which were commonly abundant symbionts on gut walls, were phylogenetically analyzed. They were dispersed in a number of clusters formed by phylotypes from the guts of various termites. In situ hybridization with probes specific for some phylotypes and a phylogenetic cluster detected the cells of several Bacteroidales members with a significant variety of cell morphology in the gut wall fractions, which reflects the phylogenetic diversity of this order., TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD
BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY, Jan. 2006, [Reviewed]

Identification and characterization of ectosymbionts of distinct lineages in Bacteroidales attached to flagellated protists in the gut of termites and a wood-feeding cockroach
S Noda; T Inoue; Y Hongoh; M Kawai; CA Nalepa; C Vongkaluang; T Kudo; M Ohkuma, Bacterial attachments to nearly the entire surface of flagellated protists in the guts of termites and the wood-feeding cockroach Cryptocercus are often observed. Based on the polymerase chain reaction-amplified 16S rRNA gene sequences, we investigated the phylogenetic relationships of the rod-shaped, attached bacteria (ectosymbionts) of several protist species from five host taxa and confirmed their identity by fluorescence in situ hybridizations. These ectosymbionts are affiliated with the order Bacteroidales but formed three distinct lineages, each of which may represent novel bacterial genera. One lineage consisted of the closely related ectosymbionts of two species of the protist genus Devescovina (Cristamonadida). The second lineage comprised three phylotypes identified from the protist Streblomastix sp. (Oxymonadida). The third lineage included ectosymbionts of the three protist genera Hoplonympha, Barbulanympha and Urinympha in the family Hoplonymphidae (Trichonymphida). The ultrastructural observations indicated that these rod-shaped ectosymbionts share morphological similarities of their cell walls and their point of attachment with the protist but differ in shape. Elongated forms of the ectosymbionts appeared in all the three lineages. The protist cells Streblomastix sp. and Hoplonympha sp. display deep furrows and vane-like structures, but these impressive structures are probably evolutionarily convergent because both the host protists and their ectosymbionts are distantly related., BLACKWELL PUBLISHING
ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Jan. 2006, [Reviewed]

Identification and in situ Detection of Two Lineages of Bacteroidales Ectosymbionts Associated with a Termite Gut Protist, Oxymonas sp
Satoko Noda; Miho Kawai; Hideaki Nakajima; Toshiaki Kudo; Moriya Ohkuma, Bacterial attachments often cover the entire surface of flagellated protists in the guts of termites. Based on PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene sequences, we investigated the phylogenetic positions of the rod-shaped bacteria (ectosymbionts) attached to the protist Oxymonas sp. In the termite Neotermes koshunensis. Two distinct and unique lineages of the ectosymbionts within the order Bacteroidales were identified, each belonging to a cluster exclusively comprised of the sequences from termite gut. We designed two oligonucleotide probes specific for the two lineages, and successfully detected the ectosymbionts, each of which distributed over the entire surface of Oxymonas sp. However, few cells of Oxymonas sp. Simultaneously harbored both lineages of the ectosymbionts. © 2006, Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology &
The Japanese Society of Soil Microbiology. All rights reserved.
Microbes and Environments, 2006, [Reviewed]

Endosymbiotic Bacteroidales bacteria of the flagellated protist Pseudotrichonympha grassii in the gut of the termite Coptotermes formosanus
S Noda; T Iida; S Kitade; H Nakajima; T Kudo; M Ohkuma, A unique lineage of bacteria belonging to the order Bacteroidales was identified as an intracellular endosymbiont of the protist Pseudotrichonympha grassii (Parabasalia, Hypermastigea) in the gut of the termite Coptotermesformosanus. We identified the 16S rRNA, gyrB, elongation factor Tu, and groEL gene sequences in the endosymbiont and detected a very low level of sequence divergence (< 0.9% of the nucleotides) in the endosymbiont population within and among protist cells. The Bacteroidales endosymbiont sequence was affiliated with a cluster comprising only sequences from termite gut bacteria and was not closely related to sequences identified for members of the Bacteroidales attached to the cell surfaces of other gut protists. Transmission electron microscopy showed that there were numerous rod-shaped bacteria in the cytoplasm of the host protist, and we detected the enclosymbiont by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with an oligonucleotide probe specific for the 16S rRNA gene identified. Quantification of the abundance of the Bacteroidales endosymbiont by sequence-specific cleavage of rRNA with RNase H and FISH cell counting revealed, surprisingly, that the enclosymbiont accounted for 82% of the total bacterial rRNA and 71% of the total bacterial cells in the gut community. The genetically nearly homogeneous endosymbionts of Pseudotrichonympha were very abundant in the gut symbiotic community of the termite., AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Dec. 2005, [Reviewed]

Molecular phylogeny of parabasalids inferred from small subunit rRNA sequences, with emphasis on the Hypermastigea
M Ohkuma; T Iida; K Ohtoko; H Yuzawa; S Noda; E Viscogliosi; T Kudo, Small subunit rRNA gene sequences were identified without cultivation from parabasalid symbionts of termites belonging to the hypermastigid orders Trichonymphida (the genera Hoplonympha, Staurojoenina. Teranympha, and Eucomonympha) and Spirotrichonymphida (Spirotrichonymphella), and from four yet- unidentified parabasalid symbionts of the termite Incisitermes minor, All these new sequences were analyzed by Bayesian, likelihood. and parsimony methods in a broad phylogeny including all identified parabasalid sequences available in databases and some as yet unidentified sequences probably derived from hypermastigids. A salient point of our study focused on hypermastigids was the polyphyly of this class. We also noted a clear dichotomy between Trichonymphida and the other parabasalid taxa. However, this hypermastigid order wits apparently polyphyletic, probably reflecting its morphological diversity. Among Trichonymphida, Teranympha (Teranymphidae) grouped together with the members of the family Eucomonymphidae, suggesting that its family status is ambiguous. The monophyletic lineage composed by Spirotrichonymphida exhibited a narrower branching pattern than Trichonymphida. The root of parabasalids was examined but could not be discerned accurately. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved., ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION, Jun. 2005, [Reviewed]

Molecular phylogeny of three oxymonad genera: Pyrsonympha, Dinenympha and Oxymonas
S Moriya; JB Dacks; A Takagi; S Noda; M Ohkuma; WF Doolittle; T Kudo, Oxymonads are a morphologically well-characterized, and highly diverse lineage of protists., They are, however, under sampled at a molecular level. It has recently been demonstrated that a genus of oxymonads, Pyrsonympha, is phylogenetically related to the excavate taxon Trimastix. Here, we addressed issues of internal oxymonad evolution. Pyrsonympha and Dinenympha are shown, by fluorescent in situ hybridization and phylogenetic evidence, to be separate genera and not morphotypes of the same organism. We demonstrated that three genera of oxymonads, Dinenympha, Pyrsonympha,and Oxymonas are each monophyletic and together. form a clade which excludes other known eukaryotes. We have presented a taxonomic scheme of oxyrnonads, taking into account their sisterhood with Trimastix and speculated, on morphological evolution of oxymonads, particularly of their attachment apparatuses. Our biogeographical analysis with Japanese and Canadian Pyrsohympha and Dinenympha suggests that these genera diverged before the separation of termites that inhabit Eastern Asia and Western North America., SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS
JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY, May 2003, [Reviewed]

Phylogenetic position and in situ identification of ectosymbiotic spirochetes on protists in the termite gut
S Noda; M Ohkuma; A Yamada; Y Hongoh; T Kudo, Phylogenetic relationships, diversity, and in situ identification of spirochetes in the gut of the termite Neotermes koshunensis were examined without cultivation, with an emphasis on ectosymbionts attached to flagellated protists. Spirochetes in the gut microbial community investigated so far are related to the genus Treponema and divided into two phylogenetic clusters. In situ hybridizations with a 16S rRNA-targeting consensus oligonucleotide probe for one cluster (known as termite Treponema cluster 1) detected both the ectosymbiotic spirochetes on gut protists and the free-swimming spirochetes in the gut fluid of N. koshunensis. The probe for the other cluster (cluster II), which has been identified as ectosymbionts on gut protists of two other termite species, Reticulitermes speratus and Hodotermopsis sjoestedti, failed to detect any spirochete population. The absence of cluster II spirochetes in N. koshunensis was confirmed by intensive 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) clone analysis, in which remarkably diverse spirochetes of 45 phylotypes were identified, almost all belonging to cluster I. Ectosymbiotic spirochetes of the three gut protist species Devescovina sp., Stephanonympha sp., and Oxymonas sp. in N. koshunensis were identified by their 16S rDNA and by in situ hybridizations using specific probes. The probes specific for these ectosymbionts did not receive a signal from the free-swimming spirochetes. The ectosymbionts were dispersed in cluster I of the phylogeny, and they formed distinct phylogenetic lineages, suggesting multiple origins of the spirochete attachment. Each single protist cell harbored multiple spirochete species, and some of the spirochetes were common among protist species. The results indicate complex relationships of the ectosymbiotic spirochetes with the gut protists., AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Jan. 2003

Molecular phylogeny of parabasalids inferred from small subunit rRNA sequences, with emphasis on the Devescovinidae and Calonymphidae (Trichomonadea)
D Gerbod; C Noel; MF Dolan; VP Edgcomb; O Kitade; S Noda; F Dufernez; M Ohkuma; T Kudo; M Capron; ML Sogin; E Viscogliosi, Small subunit rRNA sequences were obtained by polymerase chain reaction from trichomonad symbionts of termites that belong to the polymastigont Calonymphidae, including Snyderella tabogae, Calonympha grassii, and Metacoronympha senta. The yet-unidentified sequence Nk9 previously obtained from the termite Neotermes koshunensis, has also been shown to derive from the Devescovinidae Devescovina sp. by in situ hybridization. These new sequences were analyzed by distance, parsimony, and likelihood methods in a broad phylogeny including all identified parabasalid sequences available in databases. All analyses revealed the emergence of a very well supported Devescovinidae/Calonymphidae group but showed an unexpected dichotomy of the Calonymphidae represented by the "Coronympha" and "Calonympha" groups. It strongly suggests that the polymastigont state observed in the Calonymphidae might be explained by at least two independent evolutionary events. In a second phylogenetic analysis, some yet-unidentified parabasalid sequences likely deriving from the Devescovinidae/Calonymphidae taxa, were added to our data set. This analysis confirmed the polyphyly of the Calonymphidae. A tentative identification is proposed for each of these sequences, and hypotheses on the origin of the Devescovinidae and Calonymphidae are discussed. Tritrichomonas foetus or a close relative might be the best candidate for the ancestor of the Devescovinidae, fairly consistent with morphology-based hypotheses. Regarding the Calonymphidae, the origin of the "Coronympha" group might be found within the Devescovinidae, related to Foaina, whereas the "Calonympha" group may directly descend from Tritrichomonas or related species. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science (USA)., ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION, Dec. 2002, [Reviewed]

Nitrogen Fixation Genes Expressed in the Symbiotic Microbial Community in the Gut of the Termite Coptotermes formosanus
Satoko Noda; Moriya Ohkuma; Toshiaki Kudo, A nitrogen fixation gene, nifH, was amplified from mRNA of the gut microbial community of the termite Coptotermes formosanus by RT-PCR and clonally characterized. The clones were affiliated with either the anaerobe group or the pseudo-nif group of nifH, the latter of which is considered not to be involved in nitrogen fixation. No other nitrogenases were found in the gut community. Although the taxonomic identification of the relevant microorganisms is difficult to predict, the anaerobe group of the genes is critical for nitrogen fixation in this termite. © 2002, Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology &
The Japanese Society of Soil Microbiology. All rights reserved.
Microbes and Environments, 2002, [Reviewed]

Diverse bacteria related to the bacteroides subgroup of the CFB phylum within the gut symbiotic communities of various termites
M Ohkuma; S Noda; Y Hongoh; T Kudo, Phylogenetically diverse clones of the partial 16S rDNA (ca. 850 bp) of bacteria belonging to the bacteroides subgroup of the cytophaga-flavobacter-bacteroides phylum were collected from the symbiotic microbial communities in the guts of six termite species without cultivation. Combined with the sequences reported previously, a total of thirty phylotypes of the subgroup were identified and classified into five phylogenetic clusters. One that was comprised of the phylotypes from a single termite species was related to the genus Rikenella. Two were clustered each with some cultured strains, genera of which have not been clearly defined yet. The remaining two clusters had no culturable representatives, suggesting the presence of yet-uncultivated genera within the termite guts. From these sequence data, we designed a specific primer for the bacteroides subgroup, which was successful in the terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis to detect the phylotypes of the subgroup in the termite gut., TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD
BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY, Jan. 2002, [Reviewed]

Culture-independent characterization of a gene responsible for nitrogen fixation in the symbiotic microbial community in the gut of the termite Neotermes koshunensis
S Noda; M Ohkuma; R Usami; K Horikoshi; T Kudo, Lead, Expression of the nitrogen fixation gene, nifH, in the gut of the termite Neotermes koshunensis was characterized without cultivation, nifH cDNA was directly amplified from mRNA of the mixed microbial population in the gut by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, Analyses of the RT-PCR products revealed that, among the diverse nifH sequences, only a few corresponding to an alternative nitrogenase (encoded by the anf gene) were preferentially transcribed in the termite gut. Expression of the anf gene was further investigated quantitatively under several termite feeding conditions by competitive PCR The levels of expression of the anf gene were largely congruent with the nitrogen fixation activity displayed by the termite. The amounts of the genomic anf gene in the population showed no significant change, indicating that the level of expression was critical for nitrogen fixation activity. Interestingly, no significant decrease in the expression level was observed when the diet contained molybdenum (Mo), which represses ordinary anf genes. A 3.6-kb DNA region downstream of the anf gene was isolated and found to contain reading frames homologous to anfH, anfD, and anfG of the Bacteria domain which encode subunits of an alternative nitrogenase having no Mo as a cofactor, This DNA region also contained reading frames encoding glnB-like proteins, which is a common feature of the nitrogenase genes of the Archaea domain. These results indicate that the anf group of nitrogenase genes is the most important group of genes responsible for nitrogen fixation in N, koshunensis and that the anf gene possesses novel features with respect to the regulation of its expression and its gene organization., AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Nov. 1999, [Reviewed]

Phylogenetic diversity of nitrogen fixation genes in the symbiotic microbial community in the gut of diverse termites
M Ohkuma; S Noda; T Kudo, Nitrogen fixation by the microorganisms in the gut of termites is one of the crucial aspects of symbiosis, since termites usually thrive on a nitrogen-poor diet, The phylogenetic diversity of the nitrogen-fixing organisms within the symbiotic community in the guts of various termite species was investigated without culturing the resident microorganisms. A portion of the dinitrogenase reductase gene (nifH) was directly amplified from DNA extracted from the mixed population in the termite gut. Analysis of deduced amino acid sequences of the products of the clonally isolated nif genes revealed the presence of diverse nifH sequences in most of the individual termite species, and their constituents were considerably different among termite species. A majority of the nifH sequences from six lower termites, which showed significant levels of nitrogen fixation activity, could be assigned to either the anaerobic nif group (consisting of clostridia and sulfur reducers) or the alternative nifH ethanogen group among the nifH phylogenetic groups. In the case of three higher termites, which showed only low levels of nitrogen fixation activity, a large number of the sequences were assigned to the most divergent nif group, probably functioning in some process other than nitrogen fixation and being derived from methanogenic archaea. The nifH groups detected were similar within each termite family but different among the termite families, suggesting an evolutionary trend reflecting the diazotrophic habitats in the symbiotic community. Within these phylogenetic groups, the sequences from the termites formed lineages distinct from those previously recognized in studies using classical microbiological techniques, and several sequence clusters unique to termites were found, The results indicate the presence of diverse potentially nitrogen-fixing microbial assemblages in the guts of termites, and the majority of them are as yet uncharacterized., AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Nov. 1999, [Reviewed]

Phylogenetic relationships of symbiotic methanogens in diverse termites
M Ohkuma; S Noda; T Kudo, Termites harbor symbiotic microorganisms in their gut which emit methane. The phylogeny of the termite methanogens was inferred without cultivation based on nucleotide sequences of PCR-amplified 16S ribosomal RNA genes. Seven methanogen sequences from four termite species were newly isolated, and together with those previously published, these sequences were phylogenetically compared. The termite methanogen sequences were divided into three clusters. Two clusters of sequences, derived from the gut DNA of so-called higher termites, were related to methanogens in the orders Methanosarcinales or Methanomicrobiales. All of the sequences in the case of lower termites were closely related to the genus Methanobrevibacter. However, most of the termite symbionts were found to be distinct from known methanogens. They are not dispersed among diverse methanogen species, but rather formed unique lineages in the phylogenetic trees. (C) 1999 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved., ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS, Feb. 1999, [Reviewed]

Molecular phylogenetic identification of the intestinal anaerobic microbial community in the hindgut of the termite, Reticulitermes speratus, without cultivation
T Kudo; M Ohkuma; S Moriya; S Noda; K Ohtoko, A termite maintains an anaerobic microbial community in its hindgut, which seems to be the minimum size of an anaerobic habitat. This microbial community consists of bacteria and various anaerobic flagellates, and it is established that termites are totally dependent on the microbes for the utilization of their food. The molecular phylogenetic diversity of the intestinal microflora of a lower termite, Reticulitermes speratus, was examined by a strategy that does not rely on cultivation of the resident microorganisms. Small subunit ribosomal RNA (ssrRNA) genes were directly amplified from the mixed-population DNA of the termite gut by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and clonally isolated. Most sequenced clones were phylogenetically affiliated with the four major groups of the domain Bacteria: the Proteobacteria group, the Spirochete group, the Bacteroides group, and the Low G + C gram-positive bacteria. The 16S rRNA sequence data show that the majority of the intestinal microflora of the termite consists of new species that are pet to be cultured. The phylogeny of a symbiotic methanogen inhabiting the gut of a lower termite (R. speratus) was analyzed without cultivation. The nucleotide sequence of the ssrDNA and the predicted amino acid sequence of the mcrA product were compared with those of the known methanogens, Both comparisons indicated that the termite symbiotic methanogen belonged to the order Methanobacteriales but was distinct from the known members of this order. The diversity of nitrogen-fixing organisms was also investigated without culturing the resident microorganisms. Fragments of the nifH gene, which encodes the dinitrogenase reductase, were directly amplified from the mixed-population DNA of the termite gut and were clonally isolated. The phylogenetic analysis of the nifH amino acid sequences showed that there was a remarkable diversity of nitrogenase genes in the termite gut: The molecular phylogeny of a symbiotic hypermastigote Trichonympha agilis (class Parabasalia; order Hypermastigida) in the hindgut of R. speratus was also examined by the same strategy. The whole-cell hybridization experiments indicated that the sequence originated from a large hypermastigote in the termite hindgut, Trichonympha agilis. According to the phylogenetic trees constructed, the hypermastigote represented one of the deepest branches of eukaryotes. The hypermastigote along with members of the order Trichomonadida formed a monophyletic lineage, indicating that the hypermastigote and trichomonads shared a recent common ancestry., SPRINGER VERLAG
EXTREMOPHILES, Aug. 1998, [Reviewed]

Diversity of nitrogen fixation genes in the symbiotic intestinal microflora of the termite Reticulitermes speratus
M Ohkuma; S Noda; R Usami; K Horikoshi; T Kudo, The diversity of nitrogen-fixing organisms in the symbiotic intestinal microflora of a lower termite, Reticulitermes speratus, was investigated without culturing the resident microorganisms, Fragments of the nifH gene, which encodes the dinitrogenase reductase, were directly amplified from the DNA of the mixed microbial population in the termite gut and were clonally isolated, The phylogenetic analysis of the nifH product amino acid sequences showed that there was a remarkable diversity of nitrogenase genes in the termite gut, A large number of the termite nifH sequences were most closely related to those of a firmicute, Clostridium pasteurianum, with a few being most closely related to either the gamma subclass of the proteobacteria or a sequence of Desulfovibrio gigas, Some of the others were distantly related to those of the bacteria and were seemingly derived from the domain Archaea, The phylogenetic positions of these nifH sequences corresponded to those of genera found during a previous determination of rRNA-based phylogeny of the termite intestinal microbial community, of which a majority consisted of new, yet-uncultivated species, The results revealed that we have little knowledge of the organisms responsible for nitrogen fixation in termites., AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Aug. 1996, [Reviewed]

PHYLOGENY OF SYMBIOTIC METHANOGENS IN THE GUT OF THE TERMITE RETICULITERMES SPERATUS
M OHKUMA; S NODA; K HORIKOSHI; T KUDO, The phylogeny of a symbiotic methanogen inhabiting the gut of a lower termite, Reticulitermes speratus, was analysed without cultivation. The small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (ssrDNA) and a 640-bp portion of the gene encoding subunit A of methyl coenzyme M reductase (mcrA) were amplified from a mixed-population DNA of the termite gut by polymerase chain reaction and cloned. The nucleotide sequence of the ssrDNA and the predicted amino acid sequence of the mcrA product were compared with those of the known methanogens. Both comparisons indicated that the termite symbiotic methanogen belonged to the order Methanobacteriales but was distinct from the known members of this order., ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS, Dec. 1995, [Reviewed]

シロアリと共生微生物　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
野田悟子
モダンメディア, Nov. 2021, [Invited]
Lead

シロアリの腸内共生原生生物群集の特性と機能
北出理; 野田悟子
生物科学, Apr. 2017, [Reviewed], [Invited]

P25-31 シロアリ腸内原生生物が有する糖質加水分解酵素の多型解析(ポスター発表)
米山 真吾; 行辻 圭祐; 天野 公貴; 雪 真弘; 飯田 敏也; 大熊 盛也; 宇井 定春; 野田 悟子
日本微生物生態学会講演要旨集, 2014

PK-027 シロアリ腸内原生生物核内共生細菌の同定と宿主への遺伝子水平伝播(共生・相互作用,ポスター発表)
藤田 一磨; 佐藤 朋之; 桑原 宏和; 野田 悟子; 大熊 盛也; 本郷 裕一
日本微生物生態学会講演要旨集, 2013

PH-11 Genetic diversity of protist genes encoding glycoside hydrolase family in the termite gut(PH Isolation and characterization/ohylogeny and systematics,Poster session)
Gyoji Keisuke; Yuki Masahiro; Ohtsuki Takashi; Ohkuma Moriya; Ui Sadaharu; Noda Satoko
日本微生物生態学会講演要旨集, 2012

P-138 メタEST解析によるシロアリ腸内共生原生生物の水素生成酵素遺伝子の多様性(ポスター発表)
井上 潤一; 鈴木 絵里; 野田 悟子; 宇佐美 論; 大熊 盛也
日本微生物生態学会講演要旨集, 2009

10-196 Multi-gene molecular phylogeny of parabasalian symbionts in the termite gut(Classification/Phylogenetic analysis)
Kurisaki Tomoe; Noda Satoko; Usami Ron; Viscogliosi Eric; Ohkuma Moriya
日本微生物生態学会講演要旨集, 2008

シロアリの腸内微生物 バイオマス資源を高効率に利用する多重共生
大熊盛也; 本郷裕一; 野田悟子
蛋白質 核酸 酵素, 2008, [Invited]

PA-43 Endosymbiotic Desulfovibrio sp. of flagellated protists in termite guts(Symbiosis/Cell to cell interaction,Poster presentation A) :
Sato T.; Hongoh Y.; Noda S.; Ui S.; Kudo T.; Ohkuma M.
日本微生物生態学会講演要旨集, 2007

1-03 Construction of species-specific cDNA library from protists community without cultivation(Community structure 1,Oral presentation) :
NODA SATOKO; Kubo Toshiaki; Ohkuma Moriya
日本微生物生態学会講演要旨集, 2007

PB-39 Endosymbiotic Bacteroidales bacteria of the flagellated protist Pseudotrichonympha grassii in the gut of the termite Coptotermes formosanus(SYMBIOSIS/INTERACTIONS,Session B,(1) Poster presentations)
NODA S.; KUDO T.; OHKUMA M.
日本微生物生態学会講演要旨集, 2005

PB-38 Identification of Bacteroidales ectosymbionts attached to oxymonad protists in the gut of a termite(SYMBIOSIS/INTERACTIONS,Session B,(1) Poster presentations)
Kawai Miho; Noda Satoko; Ohkuma Moriya; Kudo Toshiaki
日本微生物生態学会講演要旨集, 2005

P-078 シロアリ腸内原生生物とその共生CFBグループ細菌の系統・進化(共生・相互作用,ポスター発表)
野田 悟子; 工藤 俊章; 大熊 盛也
日本微生物生態学会講演要旨集, 2004

28-C-07 シロアリ腸内のDevescovina属原生生物と細胞レベルで共生する細菌の機能(共生・相互作用,一般講演)
野田 悟子; 工藤 俊章; 大熊 盛也
日本微生物生態学会講演要旨集, 2003

B-28 シロアリ腸内原生生物の細胞表層に付着共生する細菌の解析(共生・相互作用,口頭発表)
野田 悟子; 大熊 盛也; 工藤 俊章
日本微生物生態学会講演要旨集, 2002

C-66 シロアリ腸内の原生生物と細胞レベルで共生するスピロヘータの系統関係(遺伝子解析、共生・相互作用,第2回ポスター発表)
大熊 盛也; 野田 悟子; 飯田 敏也; 本郷 裕一; 工藤 俊章
日本微生物生態学会講演要旨集, 2002

C-65 シロアリ腸内共生系における還元的酢酸生成に関与する遺伝子群の多様性(遺伝子解析、共生・相互作用,第2回ポスター発表)
湯澤 宏惠; 大熊 盛也; 服部 聡; 飯田 敏也; 野田 悟子; 工藤 俊章
日本微生物生態学会講演要旨集, 2002

シロアリ共生系とバイオリサイクル 4 シロアリ共生微生物の多様性と機能
OKUMA MORIYA; NODA SATOKO; MORIYA SHIGEHARU; KUDO TOSHIAKI
化学と生物, 25 Aug. 2001

C-27 シロアリ腸内に生息する原生生物の細胞内共生細菌の機能に関する研究(共生・相互作用,C会場,ポスター発表)
大熊 盛也; 飯田 敏也; 野田 悟子; 工藤 俊章
日本微生物生態学会講演要旨集, 2001

C-28 オオシロアリ腸内に共生する原生生物と窒素固定細菌の関係(共生・相互作用,C会場,ポスター発表)
野田 悟子; 大熊 盛也; 工藤 俊章
日本微生物生態学会講演要旨集, 2001

シロアリ共生微生物の多様性と機能　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
大熊盛也; 野田悟子; 守屋繁春; 工藤俊章
化学と生物, 2001, [Invited]

C-135 シロアリ共生系における窒素固定遺伝子の多様性と共生窒素固定への寄与(共生・相互作用-1,ポスター発表)
野田 悟子; 大熊 盛也; 工藤 俊章
日本微生物生態学会講演要旨集, 2000

Molecular biology of symbiotic system in termite intestine.
OKUMA MORIYA; MORIYA SHIGEHARU; NODA SATOKO; OTOKO KUNIYO; SUZUKI KATSUYUKI; KUDO TOSHIAKI
日本微生物生態学会講演要旨集, Jul. 1997

Molecular phylogeny of termite symbionts by PCR amplified small subunit ribosomal RNA gene.
OKUMA MORIYA; NODA SATOKO; OTOKO KUNIYO; MORIYA SHIGEHARU; KUDO TOSHIAKI
日本微生物生態学会講演要旨集, Nov. 1996

シロアリの腸内共生系における窒素固定細菌の多様性
大熊 盛也; 野田 悟子; 工藤 俊章
日本分子生物学会年会プログラム・講演要旨集, 01 Aug. 1996

シロアリ共生系よりPCR増幅したnifH遺伝子の分子系統 : 微生物
野田 悟子; 大熊 盛也; 宇佐美 論; 堀越 弘毅; 工藤 俊章
日本農藝化學會誌, 05 Mar. 1996

PCR増幅した小サブユニットリボソームRNA遺伝子によるシロアリ共生微生物の分子系統 : 微生物
大熊 盛也; 野田 悟子; 大床 国世; 掘越 弘毅; 工藤 俊章
日本農藝化學會誌, 05 Jul. 1995

シロアリ腸内原生生物 原生生物学事典　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
野田悟子、北出理, Contributor
朝倉書店, May 2022

パラバサリア 原生生物学事典　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
北出理、野田悟子、雪吹直史, Contributor
朝倉書店, May 2022

シロアリに共生する原生生物 原生生物学事典　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
野田悟子、北出理, Contributor
朝倉書店, Mar. 2022

アメーバーの話 ―原生生物・人・感染症― 昆虫に共生する原生生物　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
野田悟子, Others
朝倉書店, Sep. 2018
9784254171686

難培養微生物の機能解析研究の進展　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
野田悟子, Single work
シーエムシー出版, Aug. 2015

昆虫と共生する原生生物　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
野田悟子, Single work
朝倉書店, Jun. 2014

メタトランスクリプトーム研究の現状　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
野田悟子; 大熊盛也
羊土社, Mar. 2014

環境微生物のオミックス解析　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Oct. 2012

微生物群集のメタトランスクリプトーム解析　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
野田悟子; 大熊盛也
シーエムシー出版, Dec. 2010

In situ hybridization of termite microbes　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
S. Moriya; S. Noda; M. Ohkuma; T. Kudo
Humana Press Inc., Jan. 2006

機能遺伝子による解析とそのmRNAの検出　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
野田悟子; 大熊盛也
シーエムシー出版, Nov. 2004

シロアリ腸内における乳酸菌の多様性と宿主特異性　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
阿部晃大、雪真弘、清水美智留、大熊盛也、野田悟子
日本微生物生態学会, Nov. 2023
202311

火山性酸性河川における河床バイオフィルムの微生物群集構造　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
岸穂乃香、森下新大、雪真弘、清水美智留、大熊盛也、岩田智也、野田悟子
日本微生物生態学会, Nov. 2023
202311

タイワンシロアリから単離したLactovum属の新種　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
今川祐美子、久富敦、坂本光央、大熊盛也、野田悟子
微生物資源学会, Jun. 2023

ヤエヤマシロアリから単離した新種候補株の記載とLactococcus属の分類学的検討　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
阿部晃大、久富敦、坂本光央、大熊盛也、野田悟子
微生物資源学会, Jun. 2023

シロアリ腸内からの新規乳酸菌の分離と生理学的性質の解析　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
阿部晃大; 大熊盛也; 野田悟子
日本微生物生態学会第35回大会, Nov. 2022, 日本微生物生態学会
202210, 202211

倍加した鞭毛系をもつトリコモナス類 Trichomitopsis sp. の形態と進化的意義　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
北出 理; 野田 悟子
日本原生生物学会 第55回大会, Sep. 2022
202209, 202209

シロアリに共生するSpirotrichonymphea綱原生生物の分類学的検討　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
野田 悟子; Gillian Gile; 大熊 盛也; 北出 理
日本原生生物学会 第55回大会, Sep. 2022
202209, 202209

シロアリ腸内から分離した新規細菌の取得とゲノム解析　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
森浩佐; 雪真弘; 飯野隆夫; 野田悟子; 大槻隆司; 大熊盛也
日本微生物生態学会, Oct. 2021

シロアリ腸内から分離したBacteroidetes門の新規性細菌のゲノム解析　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
森浩佐; 雪真弘; 飯野隆夫; 野田悟子; 大槻隆司; 大熊盛也
微生物資源学会, Jun. 2021

シロアリ腸内原生生物の木質分解酵素活性に食餌が与える影響　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
相原 千洋; 吉野 大智; 野田 悟子
日本原生生物学会, Oct. 2019, 日本原生生物学会

Spirotrichonymphea綱原生生物の分子系統解析　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
野田 悟子; 北出 理; 大熊盛也
日本原生生物学会, Oct. 2019

遺伝子とゲノム配列情報に基づいた系統分類　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
野田悟子
日本微生物資源学会大会, Jun. 2019, 日本微生物資源学会, [Invited]

シロアリから単離した新規Lactococcus属細菌の分類学的検討　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
小山文也; 相原千洋; 奥秋望夢; 坂本光央; 雪真弘; 大熊盛也; 野田悟子
日本微生物資源学会大会, Jun. 2019, 日本微生物資源学会

沖永良部島・与論島におけるヤマトシロアリ属の共生原生生物の種組成　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
北出 理; 野田 悟子
日本原生生物学会大会, Oct. 2018, 日本原生生物学会

Lactococcus termiticola sp. nov., isolated from the gut of the higher termite Nasutitermes takasagoensis　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Chihiro Aihara; a; Megumi Katsuhara; Mitsuo Sakamoto; c; Masahiro Yuki; c Moriya Ohkuma; c; Satoko Nodaa
日本微生物生態学会、ASME, Jul. 2018

細胞内共生Treponema属細菌とTeranymphidae科原生生物、シロアリの三者による共種分化　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
清水大地; 北出理; 雪真弘; 大熊盛也; 野田悟子
環境微生物学系学会合同大会, Aug. 2017

Teranympha属原生生物と宿主シロアリの共種分化　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
清水大地; 北出理; 雪真弘; 大熊盛也; 野田悟子
日本原生生物学会 大会, Oct. 2016, 日本原生生物学会

バイオマスの循環を支えるシロアリの多重共生系　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
野田悟子; 雪真弘; 大熊盛也
水環境学会 シンポジウム, Sep. 2016, 水環境学会, [Invited]

Horizontal Gene Transfers from Bacteria in the Glycolitic pathway Pathway of Termite-Gut Symbiotic Protists.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Dionigia Meloni; Jun-ichi Inoue; Satoko Noda; Moriya Ohkuma
International symposium on microbial ecology, Aug. 2014

Genetic diversity of cellulolytic enzymes in the termite-gut protists　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Satoko Noda; Masahiro Yuki; Toshiya Iida; Keisuke Gyoji; Kohki Amano; Shunji Suzuki; Moriya Ohkuma; Sadaharu Ui
International symposium on microbial ecology, Aug. 2014

難培養性微生物の木質分解酵素の機能解明とバイオマス利用技術の基盤創出　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
挑戦的研究（萌芽）
山梨大学・大学院総合研究部
Apr. 2023 - Mar. 2026

シロアリ共生系を支える微生物相互作用の解明
基盤研究（B）
茨城大学
Apr. 2022 - Mar. 2025

新規乳酸菌の系統分類とバイオリソースの整備　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
一般研究助成
Apr. 2022 - Mar. 2024

火山性酸性河川の列島縦断調査による地表化学合成生態系の成立条件解明
基盤研究(B)
山梨大学
Apr. 2021 - Mar. 2024

〔Major achievements〕シロアリ共生原生生物群集組成を規定する要因の解明　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
基盤研究(C)（一般）
Apr. 2019 - Mar. 2022

極限酸性河川における化学合成生物群集の生態と進化　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
挑戦的研究（萌芽）
Apr. 2019 - Mar. 2021

シロアリの交雑がもたらす共生微生物群集の置換の過程と宿主に及ぼす影響の解析　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
基盤研究(C)
Apr. 2017 - Mar. 2020

シロアリの材食性を担う共生原生生物の遺伝子重複と木質分解能の関係　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
基盤(C)
Apr. 2016 - Mar. 2019

シロアリ腸内原生生物の細胞内共生スピロヘータ細菌のゲノム動態と種分化　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
萌芽
Apr. 2016 - Mar. 2018

Bacteroidales目細菌の窒素固定と水素利用の新機能の解明　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
基盤（B)
Apr. 2014 - Mar. 2017

シロアリの材食性を担う共生原生生物の系統と木質分解能の関係　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
学術研究助成
Apr. 2015 - Mar. 2016

Studies on the formation process of symbiotic microbial community using host hybridization technique
Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research
Ibaraki University
28 Apr. 2011 - 31 Mar. 2015

シロアリの異種融合コロニーを用いたシロアリ共生微生物群集の成立過程の解明　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Apr. 2011 - Mar. 2014

食材性昆虫に共生する真核単細胞微生物の木質分解遺伝子の進化と生態
Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B)
University of Yamanashi
May 2011 - Mar. 2013

難培養真核微生物のゲノム系統学的解析　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
一般研究助成
Apr. 2011 - Mar. 2012

環境微生物の遺伝子重複と表現型進化　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Apr. 2011 - Mar. 2012

環境微生物の機能を指標としたイメージング
Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B)
Apr. 2007 - Mar. 2010

第12回国際微生物生態学会大会(ISME-12)　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
国際交流助成
2008